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  • Carey Norup 的簡介照片

    Carey Norup 發表更新 7 年, 7 月前

    Drainage is the disposal of excess water on land (either used or perhaps in way of storm water). It should be distinguished from flood control the actual protection against damage on account of overflow from river. There’s 2 form of system adopted for waste water collection. Separate sanitary and combined system. In separate sanitary system, there is a separate sewer that collects family members, commercial and industrial waste water and disposes them while an outside sewer collects the storm water and disposes it separately. Inside the combined system, the two storm water and domestic water are conveyed through the same pipe network.

    Sanitary sewers must have a self cleansing velocity of (.6-1

    m/s). This self cleansing velocity is achieved by laying the drain over a steep slope. Manholes ought to be placed at interval of 100-120m with regards to maintaining and servicing in the sewer. It should be noted that waste water from the sewer usually are transported by gravitational force instead of mechanical means (pumping) for convenient sake. That is why in laying sewer pipes; the topography from the area needs to be well understood.

    The storm water flow might be estimated by .278CIA where C is the coefficient of runoff, I could be the rainfall intensity plus a could be the catchment area. C is generally got from table the objective of factors which affect infiltration. From rainfall data I can be estimated.

    A can be estimated through the use of planimeter or superimposing scaled grid paper in the spotlight and note the grid that fall within the boundary with the map . The waste water from industry, commercial centers and domestic uses are often estimated by having the volume of waste water the users’ discharges by using questionnaire and interview. The population of people and number of industries should be noted for this estimation.

    The general procedures in layout sewers include:

    Establish comprehensive map in the area including road contour, topography and utilities

    Drains are provided with a single line with arrows for direction

    Manholes are shown having a dot at all its necessary locations because junctions as well as intermediate point of 100-120m interval

    Sewers are design to check out natural topography

    Sewers are mainly branch network

    Sewers or drains are usually located over the road

    Design means for sewers can be as follows;

    Estimate manning constant and pick slope

    Compute the section factor

    Get the best hydraulic section either rectangle or trapezoid

    Look into the satisfaction of minimum velocity

    Inclusion of adequate freeboard to avoid overflowing

    The disposal from the waste water may be treated or otherwise not treated. However, the therapy is often by biological method. The disposal of waste water is of immerse essential for economic growth. The treated or untreated waste may be used as an origin of irrigation, supplement stream or river flow and could be used as a source of recharge for ground water.

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